OPTO2301Refraction:
General objective:
To provide the students with knowledge of refractive errors and its management.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should:
1-Understand the refractive errors and its problems.
2-Has the theoretical knowledge of managing of refractive errors.
Contents:
1-Emmetropia and Ametropia (definition and general concepts).
2-Development of refractive errors.
3-Mechanism of accommodation.

4-HypermetropiaClassification, causes, clinical consideration and treatment.
5-Myopiaclassification, causes , clinical consideration and treatment
6-Astigmatism classification, causes, clinical consideration and treatment
7-Anisometropia and aniseikonia classification, causes , clinical consideration and treatment.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Assignment & activities 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

OPTO2302 Binocular Vision I:
General objective:
To provide the students with knowledge of normal binocular system and related function
prior to studying detailed binocular abnormalities.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Understand the development of binocular vision.
2-Understand the role of binocular vision in space perception.
3-Get knowledge about the accommodation and convergence interaction.

Contents:
1-Development of binocular vision: definition, anatomical and physiological.
2-Neurology of the eye muscles and eye movements, nerve supply, muscle action, position
of gaze, dictions, versions, disjugate and conjugate movements.
3-Binocular vision and space perception. Visual directions, theory of correspondence,
fusion, ocular dominance , stereopsis ,diplopia.
4-Accommodation and convergence interaction, methods and effects, AC/A ratio and its measurements.
5-Fixation disparity: (Definition and concepts.)
6-Introduction to binocular vision disorders.
7-Dissocitation tests: cover test, types and method, septum, filters.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Lab work.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

OPTO2303 Contact Lenses I:
General objective:
To provide the students with historical, development and optics of contact lenses.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Understand what are contact lenses (definition and history).
2-Understand optics of contact lenses.
Contents:

1-Introduction (definition, history).
2-Anatomy and physiology of structure related to contact lens wear.
3-Corneal topography and measurements.
4-Terminology and specifications.
5- Contact lens materials and designs.
6-Principle optics of contact lenses.
7- Slit lamp skills.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
-Lab work
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

OPTO2304 Visual Optics:
General objective:
To provide the students with the knowledge of ocular dioptric , the various technique of
refraction and optical instruments used in examination of the eye .
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Understand Refraction of the eye.
2-Understand Schematic eye (unaided and aided ).
3-Understand the aberrations of the eye and entoptic phenomenon.

4-How to use retinoscope and analyze the finding.
5-Management of refractive errors.
6-How to measure dimensions of the eye.
8-Define to an entopic phenomenon?
Contents:
1-Introduction to visual optics and its significance in optometry.
2-Light to the eye.
3-The eye as an optical instrument.
4-Paraxial schematic eyes and reduced eye.
5-Retinal Images and images formation.
6-Theory of Retinoscopy.
7-Ocular aberrations.
8-Refractive anomalies of the eye.
9- Optics of refractive errors managements.
10-Ocular biometry
11- Distribution and ocular dioptric of ametropia.
12-Entoptic phenomenon.
Lab work:
1-Self illumination Retinoscope.
2- Correction of Ametropia.
3- Keratometry and Keratoscopy.
4- Pachymeter.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

BS 2301 General Medical Disorders:
General objective:
To provide the students with a general concepts of medical disorders related to the eye.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should have an idea of:
1-The most common disorders in human body.
2-The relevance of body problems to ophthalmic disorders.

Contents:
Introduction to the followings.
1-Inflammations , infections ,edema and necrosis (general idea) .
2-Mechanism of tissue injury.
3-Diseases of Central Nervous System.
4-Diabetes mellitus (types, measures, effects and management).
5-Hypertension (types, measures, effects and management) .
6- Endocrine disease (pituitary gland, Thyroid gland)
7-Bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases related to the eye
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Assignment & activities 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

BS 2302 Biochemistry:
General objective:
To provide the students with basic principle of general biochemistry and its relation to the eye.

Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should have an idea of:
1-Understand the basics of acids, enzyme , protein and bases .. etc
2-Nucleic acids, ocular neurochemistry, ocular immunochemistry and degenerations.
Contents:
1-Introduction of water, acid ,bases ,sugar ,carbohydrates .
2-Introduction of lipids, amino acid, proteins, enzymes ,hormones, vitamins .
3-Introduction to process of metabolism ,immune ,inflammation, degeneration, chemical burn .
4-Nucleic acids.
5-Biochemistry of tear film.
6-Biochemistry of cornea.
7-Biochemistry of aqueous humor.
8- Biochemistry of crystalline lens.
9-Biochemistry of vitreous
10-Biochemistry of retina
11-Chemical burns of the eye.
12-Atrophic changes and degenerations of the eye.

Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Lab.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

BS 2303 General Pharmacology:
General objective:
To provide the students with basic principle of pharmacology.

Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to know:
1-General principles of drug actions on the organ system.
2-Methods of administration of drugs.
3-Side effects and drug interactions.
4-Adverse reactions of systemic drugs to the eye.
5-Regulatory agencies, laws and drug abuse.
Contents:
1-Introduction to pharmacology .
2-Basic terminology .
3-General principles of drug actions on the organ system.
4-General and peripheral nervous system.
5-Principle of pharmacology (pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) .
6-Drug classification and mechanism of actions.
7-Methods of administration.
8-Pharmacological actions.
9-Regulatory agencies.
10-Anti-infective.
11-Anesthesia.
12-Side effects and drug interaction.
13-Allergic and neuromuscular disorders.
14-Adverse ocular reaction to systemic drugs.

Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Assignment & activities 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

OPTO 2401 Clinical Optometry I:
General objective:

To provide the students with knowledge of special cases in refraction and clinical procedures of manual refraction.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Use different techniques in Retinoscopy .
2-Perform visual acuity.
3-Understand the special cases of refraction.
Contents:
1-Presbyopia (definition, clinical considerations ,treatment and muscle balance) .
2-Anomalies of accommodation .
3-Retinoscopy (static ,dynamic ,and techniques) .
4-Visual acuity (measuring of V/A ,system of notation , meter ,feet ,decimal ,log ).
5-Heredity and refractive errors.
6-Pathological refractive errors.
7-Aphakia and pseudopakia (problem , clinical considerations ,treatment ).
8- Age –variations and refractive errors.

Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Lab work.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

OPTO 2402 Binocular vision II:

General objective:
To provide the students with understanding of hetrophoria and its associated anomalies.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Understand and apply of the investigation and management of phoria.
2-Understand and apply of associated anomalies of binocular vision.
Contents:
1-Hetrophoria :etiology, epidemiology ,detection ,measurement .
2-Associated anomalies : anomalous correspondence ,fixation disparity ,A and V phenomenon .
3-Vergence anomalies: (convergence anomalies and divergence anomalies.)
4-Management lenses ,prisms , orthoptics and surgery.
5-Binocular vision in routine eye examination.
Lab Work:
All the above should be illustrated in the lab.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Lab.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

OPTO 2403 Contact lenses II:
General objective:
To provide the students with examination and fitting technique.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Understand the examination procedures.
2-Understand the fitting techniques of soft contact lenses.
Contents:
Theoretical Contents:
1-Initial examination of patient (the case history ,specific examination procedures, corneal curvature and external examination, and tear film examination, measurement of ocular
dimensions ,corneal sensitivity, corneal corneal thickness measurements and topography ) .
2-Fitting of hard contact lenses (fitting procedures, rigid lens fitting principles and techniques).
3-Fitting of soft contact lenses( soft lens fitting and techniques).
4-Indication and contraindication of contact lenses.
Practical Contents:
1-Visual acuity test chart.
2- Ultra violet lamp.
3.Slit lamp examination.
4-Keratometery.
5-Retinoscopy.
6-Ophthalmoscopy.
7-Tear film tests.
8-Hard (scleral)contact lenses trial sets.
9-Disposable soft contact lenses for trial.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Lab.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

OPTO 2404 Investigative Techniques:
General objective:
To provide the students with skill and knowledge of principles tests used in optometry.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Perform tests and measurements related to optometry.
2-Feel confident when examining the eye.
Contents:
1-History and complaints.
2-Structural testing: testing for abnormalities of the following structures:
-Eye lids, conjunctivae ,cornea ,anterior chamber , iris and pupil ,lens and fundus.
-Using light, magnifiers , slit lamps ,ophthalmoscopes.
3-Functional testing: methods of testing visual acuity (distance and near), color vision, contrast sensitivity and glare testing.
4-Testing of ocular motility .
5-Testing of gross visual field defects.
6-Measurement of accommodation.
7-Measurement of convergence.
8-Pupillary reflexes.
9-Perform retinoscopy.
10-Perform keratoscopy.
11-Methods of eye drugs delivery.
12-Foreign body removal.
13-How to perform the optometric clinical routine.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Discussion groups.
- Labs.
Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%

OPTO 2405 Anterior Eye Conditions and Therapeutics:
General objective:
To provide the students with knowledge of diseases of the outer eye.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Know the signs, symptoms and differential diagnosis of the outer eye diseases.
2-Feel confident when dealing with outer eye diseases.
Contents:
1-Disorders of the eye lids.
2-Disorders of the orbit (Orbital infections and inflammations, fractures of the orbit).
3-Disorders of lacrimal drainage system(Evaluation of epiphora ,treatment of lacrimal obstruction ,infection of lacrimal passages, surgical technique)
4-Disorders of conjunctiva (bacteria, viral, chlamydia, neonatal, allergic, autoimmune, chemical, degenerations, miscellaneous and kerato –conjunctivitis sicca.
5-Disorders of cornea and sclera (microbial, viral, dystrophies and degenerations,
peripheral disorders ,episcleritis and scleritis )
6-Uveitis (viral, fungal, idiopathic, chronic, syndromes).
7.Disorders of crystalline lens.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Lab.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.

Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Practical & Assignment 30%
- Attendance &  participation. 10%

OPTO 2406 Ophthalmic Drugs:
General objective:
To understand the medications used in ocular diseases and ocular effects of systemic medications.
Specific objectives:
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
1-Understand the principles of pharmacology.
2-Know drugs classification and mechanisms of action.
3-Understand the action of drugs on the eye and its effect on vision.
4-Know pharmacological agents used in diagnosis and therapeutic.
Contents:
1-Introduction.
2-Factors effecting drug absorption.
3-Cyclopegics.
4-Mydriatics.
5-Miotics.
6-Local anesthetics.
7-Staining agents.
8-Antimicrobial agents.
9-Solutions used in contact lens work.
10-Ocular effects of drugs used systemically.
11-Decongestants , antihistamines and anti-inflammatory compounds.
12-First aid and emergency measures used by the optometrist.
13-Formulation of eye preparations.
Teaching methods:
- Lectures.
- Discussion groups.
- Slide, videos & CDs.

Course Evaluation:
- Final Exam 60%
- Assignment & activities 30%
- Attendance & participation. 10%